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Porous ceramics for aerostatic bearing restrictors were fabricated using carboxymethyl cellulose and polystyrene microspheres as pore formers. The three‐dimensional morphology of the porous ceramics was nondestructively obtained using laser scanning confocal microscopy, and the processing information was eliminated by fitting the pore area fractal dimensions at different heights. A mathematical model was developed based on the assumption of elliptical tortuous capillaries to relate microstructural pore parameters to permeability by combining fractal theory, Darcy's law, and the gas conservation equation. The calculated permeability closely matched the experimental results, with an error of less than 3.5%. This method has promising potential as an alternative to pressure drop experiments. Moreover, the capacity of the fractal calculation model to establish a correlation between microstructural parameters and permeability paves a new way to design future porous aerostatic bearings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ceramic membrane is widely used in the field of domestic sewage treatment due to its high flexural strength, acid and alkali corrosion resistance, easy cleaning, and other advantages. This article uses coal gangue and loess as the main raw material (coal gangue:loess = 8:2), calcium carbonate as the pore‐forming agent, and carboxymethyl cellulose as the binder. The ceramic membrane was prepared by extrusion molding method and solid particle sintering method. The effects of pore‐forming agent content and sintering temperature on the physical and chemical properties of the ceramic membrane, such as flexural strength, microstructure, pure water flux, and acid‐base corrosion rate, were investigated. The results show that when the sintering temperature is 1000°C and the pore‐forming agent content is 10wt%, the pure water flux exceeds 1434L/h m2 MPa, the flexural strength exceeds 25.4 MPa, the porosity exceeds 46.9%, and the acid‐alkali corrosion rate of the ceramic membrane below 1.6%/0.15%. At this time, the treatment efficiency of domestic sewage is excellent, the removal rate of COD, suspended solids and ammonia nitrogen exceeds 27.66%, 99.9%, and 26.77%, respectively. This work has trend‐setting significance for the fabrication and application of low‐cost ceramic membranes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose-based coatings have good coating-forming properties, and their applications have attracted much attention for tropical fruits. However, reviews of coating mechanical properties effects on the tropical fruit are limited. This article reviews cellulose-based coating materials, synthesis and functional properties of cellulose-based coatings, incorporation of active agents into coating material, and the effects of coatings on tropical fruit quality. The greater hydrophilicity of carboxymethyl cellulose is suitable for the coatings of tropical fruits. To properly preserve the quality of tropical fruits, it is crucial to choose coating materials according to their physical qualities. Coating characteristics and usefulness can be enhanced by minimizing the adverse effects of physical, chemical, and microbial factors when bioactive substances are included or encapsulated into the coating material. This review gives more understanding in selecting an appropriate coating for tropical fruits to retain their quality and prolong their shelf life without deep concern for food loss during distribution, storage, and at retailers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of additives from renewable sources in drilling fluids has received special attention due to crescent environmental regulations. At the same time, increasing demand for energy sources stimulates the search for products that can withstand severe perforation conditions. In this scenario, this work aimed at the chemical modification of a polysaccharide, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), through insertion of hydrophobic groups of dodecylamine (DDA), and its investigation as an additive in aqueous fluids. The performance was evaluated via rheological and filtration standards measurements in oil industry for low and high temperature reservoirs. Rheological parameters did not change significantly either with aging or with temperature of data acquisition. Fluid with CMC exhibited higher filtrate volume than the corresponding CMC–DDA for all conditions studied. In the presence of CMC, the filtrate volume increased after aging under low (10% of increase) and high (69.2% of increase) temperature and pressure. On the other hand, CMC–DDA provided more controlled filtration after aging at low (8.3% of reduction) and high (only 25.9% of increase) temperature and pressure. This behavior indicates that CMC–DDA is a promising additive to control the filtration of aqueous drilling fluids at different reservoir conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding and controlling the rheology of electrode slurries for lithium-ion batteries is critical both for improving their manufacturing efficiency and for achieving desirable battery performance. Here, we show drastic "slurry-preparation-dependent" rheology in an anode slurry for lithium-ion batteries, focusing on the behaviour of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), which is the most popular dispersant for graphite particles in anode slurries. Slurry preparation with dry-state mixing, where water is added to a dry mixture of graphite and CMC powder, results in much higher viscosity, yield stress, and elastic modulus than those achieved with conventional wet-state mixing, where graphite is added to a CMC solution. Cryogenic scanning electron microscopy reveals strange CMC "clumps" formed among the graphite particles in the slurry prepared with dry-state mixing. We attribute the increases in viscosity, yield stress, and elastic modulus for the slurries prepared with dry-state mixing to these clumps of CMC, which can enhance the adhesion between graphite particles and thereby constrain their motion. We also show that pre-shearing irreversibly decreases viscosity, yield stress, and elastic modulus, suggesting that the clumps of CMC are irreparably broken down by applied shear. The influence of the slurry preparation method on the rheological properties of anode slurries has not received attention in previous studies. Hence, we believe that our results might provide new strategies for controlling the rheology of the anode slurry in the manufacturing process for lithium-ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite limited supporting evidence, the practice of thickening breast milk or infant formula with commercially available thickening agents is prevalent. This study explored the viscosity‐enhancing impact of carob bean gum (CBG) and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) when added to infant formula at various concentrations and for different thickening durations. The findings indicate that thickening leads to an exponential increase in milk viscosity, from 25% of the recommended dosage onward. This suggests that minor adjustments in dosage can significantly impact formula thickness, underscoring the importance of accurately dosing and preparing infant milk. The considerable variability in viscosity also emphasizes the need for thoughtful selection of teat size, considering the energy expenditure of the sucking infant. When using 50% of the recommended CBG dose or 25% of NaCMC, the resulting viscosity matches that of a commercially available casein‐based formula containing CBG for anti‐regurgitation. In the case of CBG, a viscosity plateau is only reached after 30 min. Therefore, educating parents on the correct handling and preparation steps for CBG‐thickened infant milk is crucial, including a 30‐min waiting period to achieve the intended thickening effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat germ is the embryo of the wheat grain and is abundant in tocopherol, protein, and omega -3 fatty acids. Wheat germ has high enzyme activity, which reduces its shelf life. Wheat germs are often eliminated during the milling of wheat grains to extend the shelf life of the flour and avoid the formation of an unpleasant taste in the flour. The goal of this study was to enhance the storage life of wheat germ by freeze-drying encapsulation using guar, carboxymethyl cellulose, and Persian gums. The current study employed a 1:0.05 ratio for maltodextrin: different gums mixes, and physicochemical and microbiological tests were performed on the samples throughout a 360 -day storage period. The collected data was evaluated using a completely random design. SPSS was used for statistical analysis of the samples, and averages were compared using Duncan's test at a significance level of 1%. The results showed that the amount of peroxide in CMC gum treatment decreased with time. Anisidine and totox levels were also reduced by Persian gum and maltodextrin. The amount of yeast in maltodextrin, Persian, CMC, and guar treatments decreased, whereas total bacterial count values increased in Persian gum, guar, maltodextrin, and CMC treatments. Investigating wheat germ encapsulation to extend product shelf life revealed that the efficacy of this technology is dependent on the kind of wall material as a primary parameter. The mixing of various gums and materials with other gums may be useful in increasing the physicochemical characteristics of the resulting microcapsules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomaterials utilized for various medical applications are expected to be hemocompatible, i.e., they don't cause any adverse effect on red blood cells in contact with them. Presently, hydrogels prepared from biopolymers with three-dimensional porous networks are considered as prime candidates for biomedical applications. The present study conducted preliminary in vitro assessment of hemocompatibility of different biopolymers, various chemical reagents including cross-linkers, grafting monomers and free radical initiator required for the synthesis of hydrogels of biomedical importance and finally of the synthesized hydrogels. The synthesized hydrogels were characterized using swelling studies, FTIR and mechanical strength. Herein, in vitro hemolytic analysis was utilized as a preliminary indicator to assess the hemocompatibility of a biomaterial. Out of the biopolymers studied (starch, carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium alginate, karaya gum, chitosan, xanthan gum, β-cyclodextrin, gelatin and dextrin), the degree of hemolysis was found to be minimum for chitosan (0.08%) and maximum for β-cyclodextrin (44.57%). The presence of higher charge density seems to be negative for hemocompatibility. Further, the cross-linkers including N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide, glutaraldehyde, maleic acid, fumaric acid, DL-malic acid and citric acid were studied for their hemocompatibility. The maleic acid and fumaric acid were found to possess better compatibilities in the range of 3.25% and 4.43%, respectively. The natural or synthetic origin of a cross-linker does not seem to be a consideration for hemocompatibility. Further, most of the synthesized biopolymer based hydrogels displayed better hemocompatibility in comparison to the starting precursor materials owing to their unique surface chemistry and distribution of the hydrophilic groups. The acrylamide grafted hydrogels displayed hemolytic activity (2.23%) in safer range in comparison to the acrylic acid grafted hydrogels (68.15%). The presence of certain functional groups containing oxygen and nitrogen and moderate negative charge improved hemocompatibility in comparison to carbon containing functional groups and high negative charge density. The hemolytic activity of hydrogels was observed to be increased manifold in the presence of nanoparticles incorporated into hydrogels to improve their physical characteristics. The results indicate that the careful selection of biopolymers, cross-linkers, grafting monomers and further tuning of surface chemistry by controlling functional groups and their charge density over a biomaterial is prerequisite to prevent protein adsorption, inflammatory response and lysis of RBCs in the living host. Undoubtedly, in vitro hemocompatibility analysis is not a satisfactory indicator for measuring hemolytic activity of biomaterials, but can definitely help in preliminary assessment as indicated by the results of the present study. These bio-based hydrogels within safer limits of hemocompatibility can be prime materials for many biomedical applications including scaffolds in tissue engineering, implants, prosthetic devices, antibacterial and dental materials, drug delivery carriers, biosensors and bio adhesives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer nanocomposite specimens were fabricated using the solution casting technique. The specimens were composed of a polymer blend consisting of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as the organic host matrix with varying concentrations of chromium trioxide (Cr2O3) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) (ranging from 0 to 8 weight percent). The present study examined the morphological, structural, optical, and antimicrobial characteristics of PVA–CMC–SiO2–Cr2O3 nanocomposites (NCs). The X-ray diffraction analysis demonstrated the amorphous characteristics of the blend of PVA and CMC. Additionally, the intensity of the characteristic peak of the original polymers in the nanocomposite was observed to decrease significantly with an increase in the filler level. The results obtained from SEM measurements indicate a satisfactory distribution and uniformity in surface morphology. The optical microscope images indicate that the distribution of nanoparticles in the blend was uniform, resulting in the formation of a continuous network within the polymer matrix. The results of optical properties indicate that the absorbance, absorption coefficient, refractive index, dielectric constant (real and imaginary), and optical conductivity demonstrate an increasing trend with the rising concentrations of (SiO2–Cr2O3) nanoparticles, while the transmittance of the nanocomposites decreases as the concentration of nanoparticles increases. The energy band gap decreases from 4.26 to 2.91 eV and from 3.39 to 1.44 eV for allowed and forbidden transitions, respectively, with an increase in (SiO2–Cr2O3) NPs concentration. These results indicated that the (PVA–CMC–SiO2–Cr2O3) nanostructures may be considered as promising materials for optoelectronics nanodevices. The synthesized NCs underwent an antibacterial activity test using the agar disk diffusion method against two bacterial isolates, namely the gram-negative Escherichia coli and the gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. An increase in the diameter zone was observed in the antibacterial activity index as the concentration of (SiO2–Cr2O3) nanoparticles increased. The study's findings demonstrate that the use of (SiO2–Cr2O3) nanoparticles in PVA/CMC blends resulted in heightened antibacterial properties in the samples. This indicates the potential of these nanocomposites used for various antimicrobial applications, including their potential use in the food packaging industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Imeglimin is a new anti-diabetic drug which promotes insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells and reduces insulin resistance in insulin target tissues. However, there have been no reports examining the possible anti-atherosclerotic effects of imeglimin. In this study, we investigated the possible anti-atherosclerotic effects of imeglimin using atherosclerosis model ApoE KO mice treated with streptozotocin (STZ). Methods: ApoE KO mice were divided into three groups: the first group was a normoglycemic group without injecting STZ (non-DM group, n = 10). In the second group, mice were injected with STZ and treated with 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) (control group, n = 12). In the third group, mice were injected with STZ and treated with imeglimin (200 mg/kg, twice daily oral gavage, n = 12). We observed the mice in the three groups from 10 to 18 weeks of age. Plaque formation in aortic arch and expression levels of various vascular factors in abdominal aorta were evaluated for each group. Results: Imeglimin showed favorable effects on the development of plaque formation in the aortic arch in STZ-induced hyperglycemic ApoE KO mice which was independent of glycemic and lipid control. Migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and infiltration of macrophage were observed in atherosclerotic lesions in STZ-induced hyperglycemic ApoE KO mice, however, which were markedly reduced by imeglimin treatment. In addition, imeglimin reduced oxidative stress, inflammation and inflammasome in hyperglycemic ApoE KO mice. Expression levels of macrophage makers were also significantly reduced by imeglimin treatment. Conclusions: Imeglimin exerts favorable effects on the development of plaque formation and progression of atherosclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A series of hierarchically porous amino-functionalized Zr-MOFs (HP-UiO-66-NH 2 -X) anchored phosphomolybdic acid catalysts have been synthesized by a template-free method. • PMA/HP-UiO-66-NH 2 -9 with an average mesopore size of 4.0 nm exhibits the highest catalytic ODS activity. • DFT results indicate that the electron transfer (from amino group to PMA) makes PMA react more easily with H 2 O 2 , thereby generating more •OH radical to promote the ODS reaction. • Monolithic PMA/HP-UiO-66-NH 2 @CMC is prepared as shaping ODS catalyst to meet industrial application needs. The applications of hierarchically porous metal–organic frameworks (HP-MOFs) against traditional microporous counterparts for oxidative desulfurization (ODS) have triggered wide research interests due to their highly exposed accessible active sites and fast mass transfer of substrate molecules, particularly for the large-sized refractory sulfur compounds. Herein, a series of hierarchically porous amino-functionalized Zr-MOFs (HP-UiO-66-NH 2 -X) network with controllable mesopore sizes (3.5–9.2 nm) were firstly prepared through a template-free method, which were further utilized as anchoring support to bind the active phosphomolybdic acid (PMA) via the strong host–guest interaction to catalyze the ODS reaction. Benefitting from the hierarchically porous structure, accessible active sites and the strong host–guest interaction, the resultant PMA/HP-UiO-66-NH 2 -X exhibited excellent ODS performance, of which, the PMA/HP-UiO-66-NH 2 -9 with an appropriate mesopore size (4.0 nm) showed the highest catalytic activity, achieving a 99.9% removal of dibenzothiophene (DBT) within 60 min at 50 °C, far exceeding the microporous sample and PMA/HP-UiO-66. Furthermore, the scavenger experiments confirmed that •OH radical was the main reactive species and the density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that electron transfer (from amino group to PMA) made PMA react more easily with oxidant, thereby generating more •OH radical to promote the ODS reaction. Finally, from the industrial point of view, the powdered MOF nanoparticles (NPs) were in situ grown on the carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) substrates and shaped into monolithic MOF-based catalysts, which still exhibited satisfying ODS performance in the case of model real fuel with good reusability, indicating its potential industrial application prospect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan (CS) has attracted substantial attention as a sustainable biopolymer in drug delivery applications, in recent years, because of its nontoxicity, biocompatibility, and accessibility. This study develops chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol/carboxymethylcellulose (CS/PVA/CMC) ternary hydrogel with excellent efficacy as a potential delivery vehicle for the antidiabetic drug metformin hydrochloride. The incorporation of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) in the blend remarkably improves the swelling properties of the hydrogel. Metformin hydrochloride is loaded in the CS/PVA/CMC ternary blend by ultrasonication method. The prepared hydrogel beads are characterized by, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) techniques and confirm the presence of the drug in the beads. The loading and release of metformin from the CS/PVA/CMC hydrogel beads are followed by UV–visible spectroscopy at 233 nm. Different formulations are prepared by varying the compositions of chitosan and carboxymethylcellulose. α‐Glucosidase inhibitory studies reveal that metformin loaded CS/PVA/CMC hydrogel beads show excellent antidiabetic activity. The maximum value of inhibitory activity observed is 89%. Cytotoxic analysis proves that the beads prepared are nontoxic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking advantage of the unique structure and properties of gramineous straw that are available across the world in a yearly scale of several hundred million tons, a strategy to design and fabricate flexible high‐performance supercapacitors (SCs) is developed, of which the key components including electrode, separator, and electrolyte are all made from the eulaliopsis binata (EB), a ubiquitous gramineous straw. This kind of all‐in‐one biomass‐based flexible supercapacitors (BFSs) is first proposed, with the cuticle‐derived fibers (EBMs) as a separator, the pith‐derived carbon sponges (EBCs) as an electrode, and the sodium salts of the extracted carboxymethyl cellulose as gel electrolyte. The EBM with uniform diameter size, developed porosity, and abundant ‐OH/‐COOH groups have good flexibility, wettability, and ionic conductivity, far exceeding those of commercial glass‐fiber separators. The EBC has a high level of N/O/S co‐doping and hierarchical porous structure, resulting in enhanced ion accessibility and supercapacitance. With these advantages, the as‐fabricated BFS has shown ultra‐high‐rate performance, high energy density, and excellent flexibility, surpassing the biomass‐derived flexible supercapacitors reported thus far. This novel approach will shed light on the value‐added utilization of biomass from the viewpoint of molecular chemical engineering and product engineering and pave the way for fabricating flexible high‐performance SCs and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety of microcrystalline cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose as technological feed additives for all animal species. In its previous opinions on the safety and efficacy of the products, the FEEDAP Panel could not conclude on proper identification and characterisation as required for a feed additive. The occurrence of potential toxic impurities could also not be assessed. Based on the new data provided, the feed additives microcrystalline cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose were properly identified and characterised and were shown to meet the specifications set for their use as food additives. Therefore, the conclusions of the safety reached in the previous opinions for microcrystalline cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose meeting the food additive specifications apply to the microcrystalline cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose under assessment as feed additives. The additives are considered safe for all animal species, the consumer and the environment. In the absence of data, the FEEDAP Panel is not in the position to conclude on the safety for the user. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The naturally occurring polymers chitosan (CH) and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) have attracted the interest of researchers in a variety of biomedical and pharmaceutical applications such as drug delivery, cosmetics, and tissue engineering. However, CMC and CH have certain limitations for use in controlled aqueous CMC/CH mixed solutions. In this study, aqueous solutions of CMC and CH with the same concentration of 0.5 g/l and pH 6 are mixed under atmospheric conditions. The effects of temperature and molar volume fraction X1 of CMC on the decreased electrical conductivity of CMC/CH mixed solutions were studied at different temperatures ranging from 15°C to 80°C. We highlighted that different regions can be distinguished in the aqueous CMC/CH complexes, depending on the composition and electrostatic interactions of the solutions, which are associated with significantly different phase behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanocomposite films comprising polyethylene oxide (PEO) and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) were fabricated via the solution casting process, with the incorporation of copper cobaltite nanoparticles (CuCo2O4 NPs). The study investigated the impact of CuCo2O4 NPs on the structural and optical properties of the PEO/CMC polymer blend, using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis). The Debye–Scherrer equation was utilized to determine the size of the nanoparticles, and the results showed that the nanoparticle size decreased upon dispersion within the host matrix. The FTIR spectra of PEO/CMC blends revealed distinct vibrational spectral bands. These bands exhibited variations in their intensities, signifying interactions attributed to hydrogen bonds in the polymers. Various optical parameters, including energy gap, refractive index, Urbach energy, and extinction coefficient, were examined. The transmittance of the PEO/CMC blend exhibited a decrease from 88.6 to 18.8% following the dispersion of 3 wt% CuCo2O4 NPs. The optical analysis revealed an increase in the refractive index and a reduction in the optical band gap values, which reduced from 4.37 eV in the polymer blend to 3.77 eV in samples containing 3 wt% CuCo2O4. Furthermore, an increase in Urbach energy was observed with the rise in CuCo2O4 NPs content. The study also explored the influence of CuCo2O4 NPs on the fluorescence spectra of the PEO/CMC matrix and observed an increase in both optical dielectric and optical conductivity with increasing CuCo2O4 NPs content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A scalable method is developed to fabricate free-standing and integrated electrodes. • The synergistic effect within the electrode enables a series of superior properties. • The developed electrode offers significantly improved electrochemical performance. • Commercial level of areal capacity can be readily achieved with ultralow N/P ratio. • The electrode owns impressive tolerance to low temperatures and bending deformations. Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) present a highly promising avenue for the deployment of grid-scale energy storage systems. However, the electrodes fabricated through conventional methodologies not only suffer from insufficient mass loadings, but also are susceptible to exfoliation under deformations. Herein, a scalable and cost-effective freezing-thawing method is developed to construct free-standing and integrated electrode, comprising H 11 Al 2 V 6 O 23.2 , carboxymethyl cellulose, and carbon nanotubes. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of these components, the resultant electrode exhibits superior flexibility and robustness, large tensile strength, exceptional electrical conductivity, and favorable electrolyte wettability. Under a large mass loading of 8 mg cm−2 (corresponding to a negative/positive electrode capacity ratio of 2.09), the electrode achieves remarkable capacity of 345.2 mAh/g (2.76 mAh cm−2) at 0.2 A/g and maintains 235.2 mAh/g (1.88 mAh cm−2) at 4 A/g, while sustaining an impressive capacity retention of 97.7 % over 5000 cycles. These considerably outperform conventional electrodes employing traditional binders. Even at an elevated mass loading of 14 mg cm−2 or when operated at a low temperature of − 30 °C, the electrode continues to deliver excellent electrochemical performance (e.g. , extraordinary areal capacity of 4.32 mAh cm−2). In addition, the electrode owns outstanding tolerance to external forces. This research contributes to our understanding of the pivotal challenges within the realm of AZIB technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] The development of highly reusable, affordable, and durable photocatalysts for the production of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) remained a challenge. In this study, a homojunction photocatalyst (SPGCN) is constructed between phosphorylated g-C 3 N 4 (PCN) and sulfur self-doped g-C 3 N 4 (SCN) using a simple wet impregnation method. Later, the obtained SPGCN homojunction is transformed into hydrogel beads using carboxymethyl cellulose via an effective cross-linking strategy (SPGCN/CMC). The photocatalytic beads displayed a phenomenal H 2 O 2 production of 3.5 mM under visible light illumination for 60 min. The SPGCN/CMC hydrogel beads showed a maximum reusability of 10 cycles with a decline of 1.5 mM H 2 O 2 production. The improved photocatalytic efficiency is indicated by strengthened utilization of visible light via tuning of the band gap, suppressed recombination of electron-hole pairs, and higher separation efficiency through the effective construction of Z-scheme between the phosphorylated carbon nitride and the sulfur-self-doped carbon nitride present in the SPGCN/CMC beads. The mechanistic studies affirmed the dominant role of superoxide radicals in H 2 O 2 production. The photocatalytic H 2 O 2 production followed a highly selective two-electron reduction reaction. Overall, this study highlights the efficient engineering of carbon nitride-based materials towards artificial photosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper presents a technology for preparing hydrogels based exclusively on natural materials (alginate, carboxymethylcellulose and starch) as carriers of micronutrients (Cu, Mn and Zn). Experiments were performed to select the hydrogel matrix components, including a comparison of the viscosity and density of sodium alginates purchased from different manufacturers, as well as the effect of additives (carboxymethylcellulose and starch) on the swelling properties and strength of the structures. Finally, a solution containing 2 wt% alginate, 2 wt% carboxymethylcellulose and 10 wt% starch was used to prepare reproducible spherical hydrogels. The influence of hydrogel preparation methods on their sorption capacity and strength (either direct dropping into micronutrient solution or two-step, i.e., dropping into calcium chloride and later sorption in micronutrient solution) was also explored. The study revealed that the enrichment of hydrogels with micronutrients by the two-step method is slower, but the structures have better mechanical strength (Young's modulus more than 4 times higher) than those enriched by the one-step method. A series of analyses (FTIR, TGA, XRD and TEM) showed that obtained hydrogels have a semicrystalline structure, are thermally stable and mainly involve carboxylic acid groups in the enrichment process. The effectiveness of the designed hydrogel matrix for the slowed release of micronutrients has been preliminarily proven in winter wheat germination tests. The best results (12.2 cm stem length and 47.9 cm roots) were obtained for the group, where hydrogels were applied at a dose equivalent to 50% of the wheat's Cu, Mn and Zn requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer electrolyte is a crucial component of solid‐state‐lithium‐ion batteries that role both as separators and electrolytes. The host polymer and lithium salt selection are crucial for producing a solid polymer electrolyte with optimum characteristics. This research aims to study the effect of lithium acetate (LiCH3COO) salt on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)‐based solid polymer electrolytes. The LiCH3COO‐complexed CMC solid polymer electrolyte was prepared using the solution casting method with various weight percentages of LiCH3COO, that is, 0%wt, 10%wt, 20%wt, and 30%wt. The ionic conductivity analysis was conducted by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), infrared analysis by Fourier transform infra‐red (FTIR), mechanical analysis, crystallinity degree analysis with X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), differential thermogravimetry (DTG), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The interaction between Li+ ions and CMC enhanced ionic conductivity, decreased mechanical strength, reduced crystallinity degree, and lowered thermal properties. The CMC/LiCH3COO (70/30) SPE was selected as the optimum condition because it exhibited good ionic conductivity and sufficient thermal stability, while it needs a mechanical strength improvement. Molecular dynamics simulations were also performed at the density‐functional tight‐binding (DFTB) level to unravel the molecular mechanism of the Li‐ion hopping in CMC. The CMC/LiCH3COO (70/30) showed the highest electrochemical window as high as 3.5 V. Based on the results, CMC complexed with 30 (%wt) LiCH3COO salt showed high potential as a polymer electrolyte for lithium‐ion battery applications. Highlights: Fabrication of solid polymer electrolyte based on carboxymethyl cellulose complexed with lithium acetate salt was conducted by simple casting solution method.The 30%wt LiCH3COO into carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)‐polymer host showed the highest ionic conductivity of 2.47 × 10−5 S cm−1.The 30%wt LiCH3COO‐complexed CMC shows some degradation peaks, they are water evaporation, decomplexation, depolymerization, melting, and completely degraded.The density‐functional tight‐binding method suggests that the Li‐ions hop both in perpendicular and parallel directions of the cellulose layers.The CMC/LiCH3COO (70/30) showed the highest electrochemical window as high as 3.5 V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanocomposites based on biopolymers are interesting materials owing to their multifunctionality and ease of preparation. In this study, the solution casting method was used to mix selenium oxide nanoparticles (SeO2 NP) made by a solvothermal method into a bio-blend of carboxymethyl cellulose and starch (CMC/St). XRD analysis showed that SeO2 NP increased the amorphous portion inside the blend. HR-TEM revealed the spherical morphology of these NP with an average diameter of 16.88 nm. The FE-SEM indicated a satisfactory uniform distribution and homogeneity in the surface morphology of the films. FTIR confirmed the interaction between SeO2 and the blend functional groups. The films preserved good transmission after doping, and their direct and indirect band gaps decreased. The refractive index, absorption index, optical conductivity, and other dispersion parameters were improved after SeO2 loading. The DC conductivity of the blend is in the range of 3.8 × 10−7 to 5.6 × 10−4 S/m and improved after loading SeO2 NP. The IV characteristic curves in the temperature range of 300–415 K were studied to figure out the conduction mechanism in the CMC/St/SeO2 composites. Because the optical and electrical properties improved, these nanocomposites could be used for coatings and other things like waveguides, photovoltaic cells, and light-emitting diodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, gluten‐free pancakes were prepared using rice flour and potato starch at a ratio of 50:50. Due to a lack of gluten networks in these ingredients, the hydrocolloid gums including carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) at 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) at 1%, 2%, and 3% were added to improve the quality of the final products. The effects of these hydrocolloid gums on the physicochemical, textural, and sensory properties of the gluten‐free pancakes were evaluated. Pancakes prepared with wheat flour were used as a control sample. The results showed that the addition of both gums decreased the hardness and chewiness of the gluten‐free pancakes while increasing the springiness and their moisture content. Increasing the concentration of the gums resulted in an L* value (lightness) reduction, which produced a darker crust on the pancakes. Moreover, the gluten‐free pancakes containing CMC and HPMC had higher specific volumes than the gluten‐free samples made without CMC and HPMC. From a sensory point of view, the samples containing 2%, 3% HPMC and 1% CMC received the highest overall acceptance score. Thus, CMC and HPMC can be used as improvers in gluten‐free pancakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiesse® is a filler composed of calcium hydroxylapatite microspheres suspended in a carboxymethylcellulose gel (CaHA/CMC). It has robust rheological properties that have been associated with its versatility. CaHA/CMC is employed for both on‐label indications of filling wrinkles or lines, volumizing, and contouring of areas as well as off‐label indications aiming at biostimulation and skin tightening. However, despite the expanding use of CaHA/CMC, overall evidence and recommendations for treatment are currently lacking. This paper aims to provide an up‐to‐date overview of CaHA/CMC clinical applications, together with a level of evidence of supporting literature, focusing on the face. Based on the data, CaHA/CMC may be considered a safe and effective treatment option for cheeks, jawline, HIV‐related facial lipoatrophy, and nasolabial folds. Treatment of marionette lines, chin, pre‐jowl, and corner of the mouth also tends to respond with a high degree of efficacy. Despite the recent trend, guidelines, and safety profile of diluted and hyperdiluted Radiesse®, no randomized controlled trials have been published. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry eye disease (DED) is a highly prevalent and debilitating condition. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan that has a long history as a safe and effective DED treatment. HA is frequently used as a comparator when assessing other topical DED treatments. This study aims to summarise and critically evaluate the literature describing all isolated active ingredients that have been directly compared with HA in the treatment of DED. A literature search was conducted in Embase using Ovid on the 24th of August 2021 and in PubMed including MEDLINE on the 20th of September 2021. Twenty‐three studies met the inclusion criteria, 21 of which were randomised controlled trials. Seventeen different ingredients representing six treatment categories were compared with HA treatment. Most measures showed no significant difference between treatments, suggesting either equivalency of treatments or that studies were underpowered. Only two ingredients were represented in more than two studies; carboxymethyl cellulose treatment appears equivalent to HA treatment, while Diquafosol treatment appears superior to HA treatment. Drop‐frequency varied from one to eight drops daily. No single study explained the choice of drop frequency. Nine studies used a HA concentration of 0.1% which may be below therapeutic levels. Nine studies reported using preserved formulations, six of them with differences in preservatives between the compared groups. Thirteen studies were financially linked to industry. No major complications were reported. Studies were not designed to find differences in treatment effects for different types or severities of DED. HA is a good comparator treatment when assessing other DED treatments, although consensus after decades of use is still lacking for best choice of concentration, molecular weight and drop tonicity. Well‐designed studies are needed to determine an evidence‐based standard for HA treatment to be used as comparator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract\nHighlightsIn the present study, the polyoxometalate (POM), [CoW11O39(CpTi)]7−, known for its significant anti-cancer activity and relatively low toxicity compared to established organic drugs such as CP and 5FU, is investigated. However, it is acknowledged that POMs inherently exhibit toxicity to living cells due to the presence of heavy and toxic metal ions within their core structures and their limited selectivity toward biological targets. Consequently, a methodology to mitigate this toxicity is sought by encapsulating these POMs within hydrogel matrices, with the intention to facilitate slow, sustained release and enhanced target specificity. In this study, the hydrogel of the well-researched anti-cancer POM, K6H[CoW11O39(CpTi)] (hereafter abbreviated as CoW11CpTi), is synthesized through the electrostatic interaction of the positively charged carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMCell), and gelatin, which serve as hydrogelators. Subsequent characterization of the resultant CMC-CoW11CpTi, CMCell-CoW11CpTi, and gelatin-CoW11CpTi gels is performed utilizing Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry/Thermogravimetric Analysis (DSC/TGA), Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Tgel analysis. Among these, the gelatin-CoW11CpTi gel demonstrates the highest stability, retaining its structural integrity for in excess of 10 days. In addition, cytotoxicity assays are conducted on an assortment of cell lines including NRK52e (Rattus norvegicus kidney cell line), MDA-MB-231 (human breast adenocarcinoma), and MCF-7 (human breast epithelial adenocarcinoma). It is observed that the release of POM from the hydrogel matrices under physiological pH conditions exhibits a slow and sustained profile. This study therefore offers a promising approach for the effective delivery of POMs in cancer therapy.Anti-cancer polyoxometalate (POM) and its encapsulation in hydrogel is optimized.Stabilization and release study of the POM from gel matrix is explored.Suppression of toxicity is evaluated using in-vitro MTT assay.Gelatin gel can be used to design and produce novel drug delivery system.Anti-cancer polyoxometalate (POM) and its encapsulation in hydrogel is optimized.Stabilization and release study of the POM from gel matrix is explored.Suppression of toxicity is evaluated using in-vitro MTT assay.Gelatin gel can be used to design and produce novel drug delivery system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient and eco-friendly technologies are required to reduce the environmental effects of the beneficiation plants. Recently, there has been an interest in environmentally friendly alternative depressants. This study explored the effects of various depressants (AERO633, AERO7260, DP3124, DP3125, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), Cyquest4000, and sodium silicate) on chalcopyrite flotation. The experimental results indicated that AERO7260 has the best effect on chalcopyrite flotation, and the dosage is 50 g/t, it can improve the chalcopyrite recovery up to 93.35% as well as chalcopyrite grade up to 36.97%. Meanwhile, AERO7260 had an obvious depression effect on pyrite, reducing pyrite grade to 61.10% and pyrite recovery to 3.35%. Given its low reagent dosage and high selectivity, AERO7260 is a promising depressant that can be used for chalcopyrite flotation. The use of organic depressants will significantly aid the transition to ecologically friendly and sustainable processes. This study shows that organic depressants in chalcopyrite flotation can replace the existing inorganic depressants used in the depression of gangue minerals and that metals can be recovered at high performance by processing appropriately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work is aimed at the development of an energy-saving technique involving the partial carboxylation of powdered lignocellulose products from the straw of annual agricultural plants and the use of the obtained products in rubber compositions as a water-swelling filler. Lignocellulose powder from oat straw (composition: α-cellulose—77.0%, lignin—3.8%, resins and fats—1.8%) was used for carboxylation without preliminary separation into components. Microwave radiation was used to activate the carboxylation process. This reduced the reaction time by 2–3 times. The synthesized products were analyzed by IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetry and scanning electron microscopy. Industrial product sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC) was used as a swelling filler for comparison. The swelling fillers were fractionated by the sieve method; particles with the size of 0–1 mm were used for filling rubber compounds. The amount of swelling filler was 150 parts per 100 parts of rubber (phr). Due to the high filling of rubber compounds, plasticizer Oxal T-92 was added to the composition of a number of samples to facilitate the processing and uniform distribution of ingredients. The rubber composition was prepared in two stages. In the first stage, ingredients without swelling filler were mixed with rubber on a laboratory two-roll mill to create a base rubber compound (BRC). In the second stage, the BRC was mixed with the swelling filler in a closed laboratory plasti-corder rubber mixer, the Brabender Plasti-Corder® Lab-Station. Vulcanization was carried out at 160 °C. For the obtained samples, the physical-mechanical and sorption properties were determined. It has been shown that the carboxylated powdered lignocellulose from oat straw increases the strength properties of rubber in comparison with Na-CMC. It has been shown that when the carboxylated powdered lignocellulose from oat straw is introduced into the rubber composition, the degree of rubber swelling in aqueous solutions of various mineralizations increases by 50 and 100% in comparison with a noncarboxylated lignocellulose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the improvement in the compressive strength of cellulose/cement-based composites. Methyl cellulose (MC), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPMC) are separately used as the cellulose phase with different wt%. Graphene oxide (GO) and zoledronic acid (ZOL) are used as additives for bone regeneration for various formulations. Utilizing Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB) modeling, this research demonstrates the roles of the choice of the cellulose phase, wt% of cement phase, % gelatin, % citric acid, degradation time, and concentration of GO and ZOL in influencing compressive strength. The XGB regression model, with an R2 value of 0.99 (~1), shows the predictive power of the model. Feature importance analysis demonstrates the significance of cellulose choice and the addition of chitosan in enhancing compressive strength. The correlation heatmap reveals positive associations, emphasizing the positive influence of HPMC and CMC compared with MC and the substantial impact of chitosan and citric acid on compressive strength. The model's predictive accuracy is validated through predicted compressive strength values with experimental observations, providing insights for optimizing cellulose-reinforced cements and enabling tailored material design for enhanced mechanical performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The market for electric vehicles and portable and wearable electronics is expanding rapidly. Lithium-ion batteries currently dominate the market, but concerns persist regarding cost and safety. Consequently, alternative battery chemistries are investigated, with zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) emerging as promising candidates due to their favorable characteristics, including safety, cost-effectiveness, theoretical volumetric capacity, energy density, and ease of manufacturing. Hydrogel electrolytes stand out as advantageous for ZIBs compared to aqueous electrolytes. This is attributed to their potential application in flexible batteries for wearables and their beneficial impact in suppressing water-induced side reactions, zinc dendrite formation, electrode dissolution, and the risk of water leakage. The novelty of this review lies in highlighting the advancements in the design and synthesis of biopolymer hydrogel electrolytes in ZIBs over the past six years. Notable biopolymers include cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, chitosan, alginate, gelatin, agar, and gum. Also, double-network and triple-network hydrogel electrolytes have been developed where biopolymers were combined with synthetic polymers, in particular, polyacrylamide. Research efforts have primarily focused on enhancing the mechanical properties and ionic conductivity of hydrogel electrolytes. Additionally, there is a concerted emphasis on improving the electrochemical performance of semi-solid-state ZIBs. Moreover, some studies have delved into self-healing and adhesive properties, anti-freezing characteristics, and the multifunctionality of hydrogels. This review paper concludes with perspectives on potential future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose and its derivatives have been widely used in various applications. Cellulose can be isolated from sugarcane bagasse waste. This research aims to isolate and modify the sugarcane bagasse cellulose to improve its characteristics and usability. Cellulose was isolated using the alkalization and bleaching method, wherein the alkalization processes the biomass was immersed in a sodium hydroxide solution and bleached using hydrogen peroxide. Cellulose modification was performed using alkali treatment and etherification stages with monochloroacetic acid in an isopropanol solvent. The β‐(1,4)‐glycosidic vibration absorption on both the bleaching products at 896 cm−1 confirmed pure cellulose, while a carbonyl group at 1610 cm−1 in the modified cellulose product confirmed the pure CMC product. The CMC obtained had lower thermal stability in the interval 241.35–299.87 compared to cellulose as its source, indicating an increase in the amorphous region. According to experimental findings from the MB adsorption investigation, citric acid‐crosslinked sugarcane bagasse derivatives of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were more effective adsorbents for removing MB than commercial CMC with the same formulation (2 : 1). The study's findings also indicated that an increase in the percentage of MB degradation was correlated with an effect of adsorbent dose and contact time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, attempts were made to manufacture innovative conducting polymer nanocomposites (CPCs) with high performance, low cost, and appropriate electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties. However, one of the main challenges in creating CPCs is the tendency of nanofillers to agglomerate and accumulate, resulting in a decrease in the electrical properties and performance of CPCs. To address this issue, the study developed an efficient and eco‐friendly CPC using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a binder and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) as nanofillers. The study employed a chemical functionalization method to modify CNTs and enhance their compatibility and dispersion properties in the CMC matrix. The prepared CPCs were characterized using various techniques, including Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, x‐ray diffraction, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The results showed an improvement in homogeneity and surface cohesion between CMC and O‐CNTs through chemical surface modification of CNTs via carboxylic acid functional groups. The study observed good dispersion of nanofillers without any aggregation of the CMC/GNP/O‐CNT compared with the nontreated CMC/GNP/CNT composite. While a decrease in the degree of crystallinity was observed, conductivity increased for the CPC containing oxidized CNTs. The study found that the highest conductivity of ~112 S/m was obtained for D‐CMC/GNP/O‐CNT with 25 wt% of O‐CNT, while the maximum conductivity of D‐CMC/GNP/CNT was ~80 S/m with 35 wt% of CNTs. Additionally, the study observed an improvement in electrochemical properties after treatment of CNTs in the form of higher cathodic current in cyclic voltammetry and lower charge transfer resistance in impedance spectroscopy of D‐CMC/GNP/O‐CNT35 compared to untreated one. Highlights: Preparation of new conductive nanocomposite consisting of CMC, CNTs, and GNPs.Carboxylation of CNTs to improve O‐CNT and CMC intermolecular interactionCMC/GNP/O‐CNT is 40% more conductive than unmodified CNT nanocomposite.Higher thermal stability and mechanical properties were observed by using O‐CNT.O‐CNT caused higher current density and lower electron transfer resistance for CPCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon‐based nanoparticles are widely regarded as promising nanofillers in nanocomposites to pursue advanced properties. To date, there has been a lack of systematic investigation into the structural variations of nanofillers and their influences on dispersion characteristics, as well as the resulting mechanical properties of nanocomposites. In this study, nanodiamond (ND), carbon nanotube (CNT), and graphene (GNP) were selected as the representative zero‐, one‐, and two‐dimensional nanofillers, respectively. A novel functionalization technique utilizing carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was employed to disperse nanofillers. The various characterization techniques and experimental results revealed that CMC functionalization was effective in reducing the agglomeration and improving the distribution uniformity of all three nanofillers. Among the three nanofillers, zero‐dimensional ND exhibited the most homogeneous dispersion quality in epoxy nanocomposites. The strongest abrasion resistance was found in ND‐reinforced epoxy nanocomposites, while CNT‐reinforced epoxy nanocomposites exhibited the best tensile properties. Highlights: Nanodiamond with a spherical structure had better dispersion characteristics.Cylindrical carbon nanotube and planar graphene tended to agglomerate.Nanodiamond reinforced nanocomposites had better abrasion resistance.Carbon nanotube reinforced nanocomposites had better tensile properties.Carboxymethyl cellulose functionalization was valid for all three nanofillers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug delivery to ocular tissues is mainly hindered by anatomical and physiological barriers that diminish their bioavailability. In this work, layered double hydroxides (LDHs) intercalated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs; ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and ketorolac) were incorporated into carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) dispersions with the aim of adjusting their rheological properties, producing sustained release, and inducing mucoadhesive properties. Pure NSAID-intercalated LDHs (LDH-NSAID) with high drug loading were obtained. The obtained particles showed high aggregation and positive surface charges, which allowed interaction with the negatively charged groups of CMC. Isotonic 1% CMC and 1% LDH-NSAID (w/w) dispersions behaved as viscous, shear-thinning fluids, although a stronger interaction with ketoprofen led to more gel-like behavior. Also, CMC/LDH-NSAID dispersions exhibited a more sustained drug release than that achieved with analogous formulations containing pure drugs, and the modeling of the profile indicated that the release rate was mainly determined by the anion exchange of the intercalated NSAID. Finally, the formulations showed strong mucoadhesion capacity, as they produce significant changes in the zeta potential of mucin dispersions. Further optimization of the particle size and surface properties of the particles is required to modulate the release profile and to enhance the rheological properties of these CMC/LDH-based formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food additives are substances that have long been applied in processed foods, either natural or synthetic. Several purposes have been fulfilled by the application of food additives, the two most notable of which are known to be preventing food spoilage and providing specific colors and flavors. Some food additives are added to food products through direct contact, whereas the rest are added indirectly e.g., through their packaging bags. In addition to the economic and commercial benefits provided by food additives, over the past two decades, studies have demonstrated a significant correlation between excessive consumption of the foods containing such additives (e.g., BHA and BHT) and several adverse health effects, e.g., the incidence of cancer and skin conditions, among others. Through different age groups, children have been found to be the population at the highest risk for such adverse effects induced by food additives. Indeed, it has been reported that food additives may give rise to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among the child population. Emerging evidence has shown that emulsifiers (e.g., carboxymethyl cellulose and polysorbate), employed as food additives, might alter gut microbiota composition, leading to ulcerative colitis, affecting immune and inflammatory responses, and mental health problems. Therefore, in this review, alongside the beneficial impact of food additives, their adverse health effects as well as their acceptable daily intake have been investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to optimize the foam properties for the foam mat drying (FMD) process and investigate the effect of drying temperatures (60, 70, and 80 °C) on the cherry laurel juice's drying characteristics and bioactive properties. Egg white protein (EWP), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and mixing time (MT) variables were optimized using the Taguchi method to achieve the juice foam with maximum foam capacity and stability. The optimal conditions determined were 10% EWP, 0.3% CMC, and 12 min of MT. The drying times and effective moisture diffusivities (Deff) for 60, 70, and 80 °C were recorded as 160, 120 and 90 min and 6.09×10-9, 7.74×10-9 and 11.33×10-9 m²/s, respectively. As the drying temperature increased, the total phenolic and total monomeric anthocyanin contents, and antioxidant activity values increased, but ascorbic acid content decreased. This research demonstrates that the FMD process can successfully be applied to dry juices with pronounced bioactive properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obesity is one of the most prevalent and perilous health affairs. Male obesity-associated secondary hypogonadism (MOSH) is one of many of its complexities, which is mounting in parallel with the aggravation of obesity. Magnetic nanoparticles seem to be an advanced favorable trend in multiple biomedical fields. Aim: In this study, we explore the therapeutic effects of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) coated with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) on an obese male rat model with MOSH syndrome, comparing their impacts with a well-known anti-obesity medication (Orlistat). Methods: 42 male albino rats split into 7 equal groups: 1-negative control: nonobese, untreated; 35 rats fed the high fat-high fructose (HFHF) diet for a period of 12 weeks. Obese rats splitted into 6 equal groups; 2-positive control: obese untreated; 3-obese given Orlistat (30 mg/kg); 4-obese given CMC-SPIONs (25 mgFe/kg); 5-obese given CMCSPIONs (50 mgFe/kg); 6-obese given CMC-SPIONs(25 mgFe/kg) + Orlistat (30 mg/kg), 7-obese given CMC-SPIONs (50 mgFe/kg) + Orlistat (30 mg/kg); all treatments given orally for 4 weeks. During sacrifice, blood serum and sectioned hypothalamic, pituitary, testicular, and adipose tissues were collected for biochemical and biomolecular assessments. Results: The HFHF diet for 12 weeks resulted in a significant upsurge in body weight, body mass index, serum fasting glucose, insulin resistance, TAG, total cholesterol, and LDL-c; HDL-c was dropped. Serum FSH, LH, and testosterone values declined. A significant disorder in expression levels of genes regulating the hypothalamic-pituitarytesticular- axis pathway. Hypothalamic GnRH, Kisspeptin-1, Kisspeptin-r1, and Adipo-R1 values declined. GnIH and Leptin-R1 values raised up. Pituitary GnRH-R values declined. Testicular tissue STAR, HSD17B3, and CYP19A1 values declined. Adipose tissue adiponectin declined, while leptin raised up. CMC-SPIONs 25–50 mg could modulate the deranged biochemical parameters and correct the deranged expression levels of all previous genes. Co-treatments revealed highly synergistic effects on all parameters. Overall, CMC-SPIONs have significant efficiency whether alone or with Orlisat in limiting obesity and consequence subfertility. Conclusion: CMC-SPIONs act as an incoming promising contender for obesity and MOSH disorders management, and need more studies on their mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanical properties for paper sheets composited with glucose (Glc), methyl cellulose (MC), and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were investigated. The paper composites were prepared by immersing paper sheets in aqueous solutions of these materials and drying at 100 °C for 30 min. The stress–strain curves for these paper composites were measured by a uniaxial tensile apparatus with a stretching speed of 2 mm/min. The breaking stress and strain for untreated paper were 24 MPa and 0.016, respectively. The paper composites demonstrated stress–strain curves similar to the untreated paper; however, the breaking point largely differed for these composites. The breaking strain and breaking stress for the Glc composite slightly decreased and those for the MC composite gradually increased with the concentration of materials composited. Significant increases in the mechanical properties were observed for the CMC composite. The breaking stress, breaking strain, and breaking energy for the 3 wt.% CMC composite were 2.0-, 3.9-, and 8.0-fold higher than those for untreated paper, respectively. SEM photographs indicated that the CMC penetrated into the inner part of the paper. These results strongly suggest that the mechanical improvement for CMC composites can be understood as an enhancement of the bond strength between the paper fibrils by CMC, which acts as a bonding agent. It was also revealed that the breaking strain, breaking stress, and breaking energy for the CMC composites were at maximum at the first cycle and decreased gradually as the immersion cycles increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study aimed to compare the effect of two preservative-free (PF) artificial tears, one containing carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) (control group) vs another containing hyaluronic acid and hydroxypropyl guar (HA + HP-guar) (study group), on the healing of the corneal epithelium and the ocular discomfort after bilateral photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) surgery. Methods: A total of 68 patients that were scheduled to have PRK to correct myopia were randomized into two groups: 34 patients (68 eyes) in the study group and 34 patients (68 eyes) in the control group. Ocular examinations were performed on postoperative days 1, 4, 7, 30, and 90, evaluating the diameter of the de-epithelized cornea, the fluorescein staining using the Oxford scale, the tear film osmolarity and stability (tear breakup time), and the pain using visual analog scale (VAS). Results: On postoperative day 4, 97% of the study eyes vs 84.4% of the control eyes were completely re-epithelized (p = 0.01). Less ocular pain was observed on postoperative day 3 in the study group (5.0 (3.0–6.0) vs 6.0 (3.5–7.0), p = 0.03). No differences were observed beyond postoperative day 7 in the healing of the corneal epithelium, non-invasive Keratograph breakup time (NIKBUT), and the self-perceived ocular discomfort between the two groups. Conclusion: The current study shows faster healing of the corneal epithelium and less ocular pain and discomfort in the first days after PRK with the use of topical lubricants containing HA + HP-guar compared to conventional CMC artificial tears, probably due to the different trophic effect of the aforementioned tears on the corneal epithelial cells. Trial Registration: EudraCT No. 2020-003488-25. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are one of the most studied metal oxide NPs (MONPs) owing to their unique physiochemical properties. The last few years have witnessed a growing interest among researchers in adopting the green chemistry approach to fabricate MONPs. We herein report the synthesis of ZnO NPs stabilized by carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) derived from noxious aquatic weed, i.e., Eichhornia crassipes biomass (EC-CMC). The UV–Vis spectra showed maximum absorbance at ∼380 nm, and the XRD crystallite size of EC-CMC capped ZnO NPs (c-ZnO NPs) (∼26 nm) was smaller as compared to virgin ZnO NPs (v-ZnO NPs) (∼29 nm). The value of apparent strain (εA x 10−3), root mean square strain (E RMS x 10−3), stress (MPa), and energy density (KJm−3) for c-ZnO NPs obtained from the SSP plot was ∼0.893, ∼0.173, ∼116 and ∼51.83 respectively. The study also examined the differential effects of c-ZnO NPs treatment on the growth of two plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), i.e., Pseudomonas fluorescens (Gram -ve), and Bacillus subtilis (Gram +ve). The findings revealed that P. fluorescens (PFL) was more susceptible to c-ZnO NPs than B. subtilis (BST). Furthermore, R. sativus seeds treated with c-ZnO NPs (10–50 ppm) exhibited notable improvements in plumule length, radicle length, vigor index, and biomass content over other treatments and control. The biopriming of R. sativus seeds with PFL and BST showed synergistic effects with 10-ppm c-ZnO NPs treatment and promoted overall seedling growth. The bacterial kinetics and seed germination studies manifest that the c-ZnO NPs at lower doses have growth-promoting effects. The combination of PFL + BST+10-ppm c-ZnO NPs showed substantial improvements in the germination indices of R. sativus. The present work has demonstrated the potential of utilizing positive bipartite interaction of PGPRs and bio-stabilized ZnO NPs to develop nanoformulations promoting plant growth management. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Hypothesis Although extensive research has been conducted on the dynamic wetting of Newtonian fluids, limited insights have been gained for viscoelastic fluids, particularly on engineered surfaces. We hypothesize that differences in dynamic wetting on microstructured surfaces exist between such fluids, which may be attributed to variations in viscosity and elasticity as well as changes in the microscopic morphology of the moving contact line. Experiments To systematically investigate the wetting differences between Newtonian and viscoelastic fluids on microstructured surfaces, we conducted forced wetting experiments of glycerol-water and carboxymethyl cellulose aqueous solutions on microstructured polytetrafluoroethylene surfaces through a modified Wilhelmy plate method. Findings Results demonstrated an apparent difference in the relationship between the dynamic contact angle and moving velocity with different microstructured surfaces for Newtonian and viscoelastic fluids. The power-law exponent between the capillary number and cubic of the dynamic contact angle increases with the strengthening of shear thinning and elastic effects. In contrast, this exponent is rarely influenced by the scale of microstructured surfaces, particularly in highly viscous regions where viscous force dominates. In addition, viscosity affects the viscous bending and distance that liquid molecules jump at the contact line. These findings have potential applications in coating complex fluids on engineered surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of longkong cellulose particle sizes on its biofilm were investigated. The particle sizes were divided into 355, 125, and 75 µm. The X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed the cellulose phase with the secondary phase in some samples. The second phase did not affect biofilm preparation. The FTIR analysis suggested a strong presence of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups in carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) powder, which was synthesized from the cellulose particle size of 75 µm. The SEM and EDS observations revealed that the cellulose particle size of 75 µm produced a smooth surface and homogeneity of biofilm. The decrease in particle size significantly induced the highwater solubility of CMC and high reaction surface, leading to high-quality biofilm. The light absorption of all biofilms was significantly different. Herein, the result suggested that high-quality film from longkong peel could be produced using the cellulose particle size of 75 µm, which may be an alternative bioproduct in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This scoping review provides an overview of publications reporting adverse effects on the intestines of the food additives carrageenan (CGN) (E 407)/processed Eucheuma seaweed (PES) (E 407a) and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) (E 466). It includes evidence from human, experimental mammal and in vitro research publications, and other evidence. The databases Medline, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and Epistemonikos were searched without time limits, in addition to grey literature. The publications retrieved were screened against predefined criteria. From two literature searches, 2572 records were screened, of which 224 records were included, as well as 38 records from grey literature, making a total of 262 included publications, 196 on CGN and 101 on CMC. These publications were coded and analyzed in Eppi-Reviewer and data gaps presented in interactive maps. For CGN, five, 69 and 33 research publications on humans, experimental mammals and in vitro experiments were found, further separated as degraded or native (non-degraded) CGN. For CMC, three human, 20 animal and 14 in vitro research publications were obtained. The most studied adverse effects on the intestines were for both additives inflammation, the gut microbiome, including fermentation, intestinal permeability, and cancer and metabolic effects, and immune effects for CGN. Further studies should focus on native CGN, in the form and molecular weight used as food additive. For both additives, randomized controlled trials of sufficient power and with realistic dietary exposure levels of single additives, performed in persons of all ages, including potentially vulnerable groups, are needed. Abbreviation: ACF: aberrant crypt foci; ADI: acceptable daily intake; ADME: absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion; AIEC: adherent-invasive E. coli; AIM: Australian Inflammatory Bowel Disease Microbiome study; AOM: azoxymethane; APC: adenomatous polyposis coli; BCFA: branch chain fatty acids; Bcl/BCL: B-cell lymphoma/leukemia; bw: body weight; CD: Crohn's disease; CGN: carrageenan; CMC: carboxymethylcellulose, DP: degree of polymerization; EC: European Commission; EEN: exclusive enteral nutrition; EFSA: European Food Safety Authority; EGR-1: early growth response gene 1; ER: Eppi- Reviewer; EU: European Union; FC: food category; GAG: glycosaminoglycan; HTML: hypertext markup language; IAP: intestinal alkaline phosphatase; IARC: International Agency for Research on Cancer; IBD: inflammatory bowel disease; IBS: irritable bowel syndrome; Ig: immunoglobulin; IL: interleukin; IOIBD: International Organization for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease; JECFA: Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives; KCO: j-CGN oligosaccharides; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; MPL: maximum permitted level; MPO: myeloperoxidase; M-SHIME: mucosal simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem; MW: molecular weight; NIPH: Norwegian Institute of Public Health; NOAEL: no observed adverse effect level; PBM: peripheral blood monocytes; PES: processed Eucheuma seaweed; PGN: poligeenan; QS: quantum satis; RCT: randomized controlled trial; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SCF: Scientific Committee on Food; SCFA: short-chain fatty acids; SD: standard deviation; TLR: Toll-like receptor; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; UC: ulcerative colitis [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The three-dimensional network and ample pore structure of novel hydrogel materials enable outstanding adsorption performance for pollutants such as methylene blue (MB) and Cr6+ ions in wastewater. In order to develop an environmentally friendly hydrogel with high adsorption performance and low cost, a type of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) composite hydrogel was synthesised with montmorillonite (MMT) via chain radical polymerization, which gives it great potential for application in the field of wastewater purification. A series of hydrogel samples were characterised through SEM, FTIR and nitrogen porosimetry analysis, indicating the successful intercalation of MMT nanosheets into the hydrogel crosslinking network. The mass ratio of CMC to MMT, the amounts of adsorbent, the initial concentration of wastes, pH, and the adsorption temperature were investigated and optimised for hydrogel adsorption performance. When the initial concentration of MB is 60 mg/L, pH is 7, the dosage of MB is 0.5 g/L, and the adsorption temperature is 30 °C, the hydrogel sample the highest adsorption capability for MB removal, with an adsorption amount of 112.9 mg/g. When the initial concentration of Cr6+ is 10 mg/L with a pH of 7, the highest adsorption capacity of the hydrogel for Cr6+ removal is 1.35 mg/g. The fitting results of the isothermal models, the kinetic models, internal particle diffusion models and the thermodynamics of the experimental data of the adsorbate adsorption process show that the adsorption of MB by hydrogel is a spontaneous segmented process of multi-layer physical and chemical adsorption. Additionally, the adsorption of Cr6+ ions by hydrogel is a spontaneous segmented process of multi-layer physical adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an in‐depth study of the mechanism of cation release from carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogels synthesized through Schiff base reaction, we analyze the differences in the release kinetics of potassium, calcium, and iron cations with Peleg model at pH values of pH 3.5 and pH 8.5 using ICP‐OES (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy) technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of skin and soft tissue infections. With the emergence of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria, there is an unmet clinical need to develop immune‐based therapies to treat skin infections. Previously, we have shown pan‐caspase inhibition as a potential host‐directed immunotherapy against community‐acquired methicillin‐resistant S aureus (CA‐MRSA) and other bacterial skin infections. Here, we evaluated the role of irreversible pan‐caspase inhibitor emricasan as a monotherapy and an adjunctive with a standard‐of‐care antibiotic, doxycycline, as potential host‐directed immunotherapies against S. aureus skin infections in vivo. We used the established CA‐MRSA strain USA300 on the dorsum of WT C57BL/6J mice and monitored lesion size and bacterial burden noninvasively, and longitudinally over 14 days with in vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI). Mice in four groups placebo (0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose [CMC] solution), placebo plus doxycycline (100 mg/kg), emricasan (40 mg/kg) plus doxycycline, and emricasan only were treated orally twice daily by oral gavage for 7 days, starting at 4 h after injection of S aureus. When compared with placebo, all three groups, placebo plus doxycycline, emricasan plus doxycycline, and emricasan treated group, exhibited biological effect, with reduction of both the lesion size (*p =.0277, ****p <.0001, ****p <.0001, respectively) and bacterial burden (***p =.003, ****p <.0001, ****p <.0001, respectively). Importantly, the efficacy of emricasan against S. aureus was not due to direct antibacterial activity. Collectively, pan‐caspase inhibitor emricasan and emricasan plus doxycycline reduced both the lesion size and bacterial burden in vivo, and emricasan is a potential host‐directed immunotherapy against MRSA skin infections in a preclinical mouse model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are considered one of the most severe chronic complications of diabetes and can lead to amputation in severe cases. In addition, bacterial infections in diabetic chronic wounds aggravate this scenario by threatening human health. Wound dressings made of polymer matrices with embedded metal nanoparticles can inhibit microorganism growth and promote wound healing, although the current clinical treatments for diabetic chronic wounds remain unsatisfactory. In this view, this research reports the synthesis and characterization of innovative hybrid hydrogels made of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) chemically crosslinked by citric acid (CA) functionalized with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) generated in situ using an eco-friendly aqueous process. The results assessed through comprehensive in vitro and in vivo assays demonstrated that these hybrid polymer hydrogels functionalized with AgNPs possess physicochemical properties, cytocompatibility, hemocompatibility, bioadhesion, antibacterial activity, and biocompatibility suitable for wound dressings to support chronic wound healing process as well as preventing and treating bacterial infections. Hence, it can be envisioned that, with further research and development, these polymer-based hybrid nanoplatforms hold great potential as an important tool for creating a new generation of smart dressings for treating chronic diabetic wounds and opportunistic bacterial infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]